Physiological properties of neurons in the optic layer of the rat's superior colliculus.

We made intracellular recordings from 74 neurons in the optic layer of the rat superior colliculus (SC). Resting membrane potentials were -62.3 +/- 6.2 (SD) mV, and input resistances were 37.9 +/- 10.1 MOmega. Optic layer neurons had large sodium spikes (74.2 +/- 12.3 mV) with an overshoot of 12 mV and a half-amplitude duration of 0.75 +/- 0.2 ms. Each sodium spike was followed by two afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), one of short duration and one of longer duration, which were mediated by tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive (IC) or apamin-sensitive (IAHP) calcium-activated potassium currents, respectively. Sodium spikes were also followed by an afterdepolarization (ADP), which was only revealed when the AHPs were blocked by TEA or apamin. In response to hyperpolarizing current pulses, optic layer neurons showed an inward rectification mediated by H channels. At the break of the current pulse, there was a rebound low-threshold spike (LTS) with a short duration of <25 ms. The LTS usually induced two sodium spikes (doublet). Most optic layer neurons (84%) behaved as intrinsically bursting cells. They responded to suprathreshold depolarization with an initial burst (or doublet) followed by a train of regular single spikes. The remaining 16% of cells acted as chattering cells with high-frequency gamma (20-80 Hz) rhythmic burst firing within a narrow range of depolarized potentials. The interburst frequency was voltage dependent and also time dependent, i.e., showed frequency adaptation. Unmasking the ADP with either TEA or apamin converted all of the tested intrinsically bursting cells into chattering cells, indicating that the ADP played a crucial role in the generation of rhythmic burst firing. Optic layer neurons receive direct retinal excitation mediated by both N-methyl--aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors. Optic tract (OT) stimulation also led to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor-mediated inhibition, the main effect of which was to curtail the excitatory response to retinal inputs by shunting the excitatory postsynaptic current. Intracellular staining with biocytin showed that the optic layer neurons that we recorded from were mostly either wide-field vertical neurons or other cells with predominately superficially projecting dendrites. These cells were similar to calbindin immunoreactive cells seen in the optic layer. The characteristics of these optic layer neurons, such as prominent AHPs, strong shunting effect of inhibition, and short-lasting LTS, suggest that they respond transiently to retinal inputs. This is consistent with a function for these cells as the first relay station in the extrageniculate visual pathway.