The neutrophil and preeclampsia.

Endothelial injury is common to all pathological features of preeclampsia. Neutrophil activation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and requires binding and transmigration of neutrophils through the endothelium. This occurs via an interaction of endothelial adhesion molecules and surface receptors on neutrophils. Upon activation, neutrophil granules are released, the contents of which are capable of mediating vascular damage. In addition, leukotrienes are synthesized, and superoxide is generated in a respiratory burst. These products also provoke vascular damage. Neutrophil recruitment to the endothelium involves express of P-selectin and released of platelet activating factor from the endothelium. In preeclampsia there is evidence of an increase in neutrophil activation with up-regulation of neutrophil integrin expression and increased regulation of the protease elastase. Furthermore, these markers of neutrophil activation correlate with established markers of disease severity. The primary mechanism of neutrophil activation is unknown, but neutrophils in preeclampsia appear to have normal motor activity. Several potential mechanisms of neutrophil activation have been identified. They include up-regulation of cellular adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface, increased generation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and endothelial activation from hyperlipidemia. In additional to activation of neutrophils in preeclampsia, there may be involvement of the interleukin-6 and endothelin-1 in "priming" neutrophils for subsequent superoxide production. Activated neutrophils are likely to play a large part in the arteriopathy and endothelial damage associated with preeclampsia, but it is unclear whether neutrophil activation is the cause or the consequence of endothelial damage.