Chromosome aberrations in vitro related to cytotoxicity of nonmutagenic chemicals and metabolic poisons.

Chromosome aberrations can occur by secondary mechanism(s) associated with cytotoxicity, induced by chemicals that do not attack DNA. Aberrations are formed from DNA double-strand breaks, and DSBs are known to be induced by nonmutagenic (Ames test negative) noncarcinogens at toxic levels [Storer et al. (1996): Mutat Res 368:59-101]. Here, 8 of 12 of these chemicals caused aberrations in CHO cells at cytotoxic doses, and often only when cell counts (survival) at 20 hr approached < or =50% of controls. Five of eight noncarcinogens (2,4,-dichlorophenol, dithiocarb, menthol, phthalic anhydride, and ethionamide) and one of two equivocal carcinogens (bisphenol A) caused aberrations, usually over a narrow dose range with steeply increasing cytotoxicity. Phthalic anhydride and ethionamide were positive only at doses with precipitate. Phenformin was negative even at toxic doses and ephedrine and phenylephrine were negative and gave little toxicity. Aberrations were also induced by metabolic poisons, 2,4-dinitrophenol, (uncouples oxidative phosphorylation), and sodium iodoacetate, (Nal; blocks ATP production). Five of the chemicals that induced aberrations in CHO cells were tested in human TK6 cells and four were positive, the fifth being equivocal. Stable aberrations (translocations) were induced in human cells by Nal. Clearly, chemicals can give "false-positive" results in the chromosome aberration assay at cytotoxic levels, though cytotoxicity does not always produce aberrations, so that further information (e.g., DNA reactivity) is needed to determine whether a result is a "false-positive." Primary DNA-damaging chemicals such as alkylators are also cytotoxic, but give strong increases in aberrations without marked initial toxicity by the measures used here, although the aberrations they induce do reduce long-term survival in colony-forming assays.