Dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate promote clonal expansion of anchorage-independent hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro.

Dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are hepatocarcinogenic by-products of water chlorination and metabolites of several industrial solvents. To determine whether DCA and TCA promote the clonal expansion of anchorage-independent liver cells in vitro, a modification of the soft agar assay (over agar assay) was utilized to quantitate growth and analyze phenotype of anchorage-independent hepatocellular colonies. Hepatocytes from naïve male B6C3F1 mice were isolated and cultured with 0-2.0 mM DCA or TCA over agar for 10 days, at which time colonies of eight cells or more were scored. Both DCA and TCA promoted the formation of anchorage-independent colonies in a dose-dependent manner. Immunocytochemical analysis using a c-Jun antibody demonstrated that colonies promoted by DCA were primarily c-Jun+, whereas TCA-promoted colonies were primarily c-Jun-. This corresponds to the differences in c-Jun immunoreactivity reported in tumors induced by DCA and TCA. Neither DCA nor TCA induced c-Jun expression in hepatocyte monolayers, indicating that these haloacetates selectively affect subpopulations of anchorage-independent hepatocyts. The latency of colony formation was decreased by the concentration of DCA, although the same number of colonies appeared after 25 days in culture at all DCA concentrations used. The plating density of hepatocytes also affected colony formation. At lower cell densities, promotion of colony formation by DCA was significantly reduced. Pretreatment of male B6C3F1 mice with 0.5 g/liter DCA in drinking water resulted in a fourfold increase in in vitro colony formation above hepatocytes isolated from naïve mice, suggesting that DCA is promoting the clonal expansion of anchorage-independent hepatocytes in vivo. Results from this study indicate that DCA and TCA promote the survival and growth of initiated cells. Furthermore, results from over agar assays reflect observations made in vivo, indicating this assay provides a valid means to investigate the mechanism by which chemicals promote clonal expansion of initiated hepatocytes.