Interaction of BAG-1 with retinoic acid receptor and its inhibition of retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.

BAG-1 (also known as RAP46) is an anti-apoptotic protein, which has been shown previously to interact with a number of nuclear hormone receptors, including receptors for glucocorticoid, estrogen, and thyroid hormone. We show here that BAG-1 also interacts with retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Gel retardation assays demonstrated that in vitro translated BAG-1 protein could effectively inhibit the binding of RAR but not retinoid X receptor (RXR) to a number of retinoic acid (RA) response elements (RAREs). A glutathione S-transferase-BAG-1 fusion protein also specifically bound RAR but not RXR. Interaction of BAG-1 and RAR could also be demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid assays. In transient transfection assays, co-transfection of BAG-1 expression plasmid inhibited the transactivation activity of RAR/RXR heterodimers but not RXR/RXR homodimers. When stably expressed in breast cancer cell lines, BAG-1 inhibited binding of RAR/RXR heterodimer to a number of RAREs and suppressed RA-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, RA-induced suppression of Bcl-2 expression was abrogated by overexpression of BAG-1. These results demonstrate that BAG-1 can regulate retinoid activities through its interaction with RAR and suggest that elevated levels of BAG-1 protein could potentially contribute to retinoid resistance in cancer cells.