Transplacental cocaine exposure. 3: Mechanisms underlying altered brain development.

In a mouse model of transplacental cocaine exposure we have demonstrated alterations in brain structure and function of offspring including disturbances of brain growth, disruption of neocortical cytoarchitecture, and transient as well as persistent behavioral deficits. One mechanism by which cocaine may alter fetal brain development is through cocaine-induced alpha-adrenergic-mediated (uterine) arterial vasoconstriction. In this study pregnant Swiss Webster (SW) mice were injected with cocaine HCl (20 or 40 mg/kg, SC) without any changes evident in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) measurements. These physiology results suggest that in our mouse model, cocaine's transplacental effects on the fetus are not due to cocaine-induced maternal vasoconstriction, nor concomitant hypoperfusion of the fetus. In a separate series of experiments, pregnant SW dams were administered cocaine HCl at 40 mg/kg/day (COC 40), 20 mg/kg/day (COC 20), or 10 mg/kg/day (COC 10) [SC, divided in two daily doses, from embryonic day (E) 8 to E17 inclusive]. Additional groups of cocaine-treated dams were administered phentolamine (5 mg/kg, SC), a short-acting alpha-adrenergic antagonist, 15 min prior to each cocaine dose (Phent COC 40, Phent COC 20, Phent COC 10). Animals born to Phent COC 40 dams demonstrated transient postnatal brain growth retardation and behavioral deficits in first-order conditioning of P9 mice comparable to mice born to COC 40 dams, which received the same regimen of cocaine injections without phentolamine pretreatment. Like COC 40 offspring, Phent COC 40 offspring also demonstrated a persistent deficit in the blocking paradigm. The behavioral and growth findings confirm and extend the physiology data, and imply that in our rodent model, alpha-adrenergic mechanisms (including maternal vasoconstriction) are unlikely to mediate these toxic effects of transplacental cocaine exposure on developing brain.