CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotides rescue mature spleen B cells from spontaneous apoptosis and promote cell cycle entry.

Isolated murine splenic B cells undergo spontaneous apoptosis. Motifs containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in bacterial DNA or in synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are known to activate murine B cells. Now we show that ODN that induce spleen B cell cycle entry also inhibit spontaneous apoptosis in a sequence-specific fashion. Reversal of the CG to GC abolished activity. Methylation of the central cytosine decreased activity. When CpG is preceded by a cytosine or followed by a guanine, activity was abolished. Other substitutions at the same positions had no effect. Dose-response curves for apoptosis protection and G1 entry suggested that a uniform population of ODN recognition sites controlled downstream ODN effects. A CpG ODN with a nuclease-resistant phosphorothioate backbone (S-ODN) was also active, and increased the levels of c-myc, egr-1, c-jun, bclXL, and bax mRNA and c-Myc, c-Jun, Bax, and BclXL protein in spleen B cells. Levels of c-myb, myn, c-Ki-ras, and bcl2 mRNA remained unchanged. When protein synthesis was inhibited, at 16 h ODN-induced cell cycle entry was abolished and apoptosis protection was partially preserved. Under these conditions, c-Myc was still present, but c-Jun and BclXL were not detected. Our results suggest that CpG containing ODN motifs provide signals for both survival and cell cycle entry. Single base changes determine whether this signal proceeds through a rate-limiting step governing at least two steps in apoptosis (plasma membrane transition, DNA cleavage) and two phases of the cell cycle (G1 and S phase entry). This biologic action is associated with increased c-Myc, c-Jun, and BclXL expression.