Isolation and characterization of three mRNAs enriched in embryos of the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma: evolution of larval ectoderm.

The Australian sea urchin Heliocidaris erythro-gramma utilizes a derived direct developmental mode that evolved 8-12 million years ago. From a differential screen we have isolated a small set of cDNAs corresponding to genes more greatly expressed in embryos of H. erythrogramma than in those of its indirect-developing nearest relative, H. tuberculata. The method was biased towards abundant transcripts and did not allow detection of modifications of usage of highly conserved gene family members. Three differentially expressed abundant transcripts were found that potentially encode secreted proteins. Two of these, the arylsulfatase HeARS and the putative lectin HeEL-1, were identifiable as homologues of known proteins. Another gene, HeET-1, may be exclusively expressed in the H. erythrogramma embryo. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrate that all three transcripts are localized to the ectoderm. Two of them, HeET-1 and HeEL-1, are transcribed in an identical domain comprising the larval ectoderm. This region of gene expression has acquired a novel columnar cytology during the evolution of the H. erythrogramma embryo. The third sequence, HeARS, encodes an arylsulfatase homologue. Its expression is uniform in the gastrula, but as the rudiment develops it accumulates to the greatest extent in the invaginating vestibular ectoderm. Through comparisons with indirect-developing species, we show that this concentration of arylsulfatase mRNA in the rudiment is a novel feature of H. erythrogramma development. These data suggest that H. erythrogramma has a unique arrangement of ectodermal gene expression territories. We propose that these reflect larval adaptations that have occurred in the lineage leading to H. erythrogramma, and enabled the evolution of direct development.