Effects of temperature on anti-predator behaviour in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata.

Warmer environmental temperatures are likely to increase the frequency of predator-prey interactions in ectothermic animals, and therefore might be expected to influence anti-predator behaviour. In a first experiment, groups of recently fed guppies, placed in a novel environment, schooled significantly more closely at 26 degrees than at 22 degreesC. Changes in two of three measures of schooling tendency over time indicated that aggregation increased during the trial periods, probably as a result of increased familiarity within the experimental groups. In a second experiment, pairs of female guppies were tested at 22 degrees and 26 degreesC, with and without predation threat from a confined cichlid. From multifactor analysis of 18 behaviour types, temperature was shown to affect behavioural time budgets profoundly, particularly in the presence of the predator. At the higher temperature, a shift occurred from inactive anti-predator behaviours and minimal foraging activity towards active predator inspection-related behaviours and a much higher level of feeding. Guppies in the warmer water might have been physically able to school more closely as a result of faster swimming ability, or might have used temperature as a cue indicating higher potential predation risk, and aggregated accordingly. The use of temperature as a source of information about the biotic environment is discussed. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.