Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.

The treatment options for Clostridium difficile infection remain limited, although promising agents are currently being assessed. Metronidazole is the first-line drug of choice for those patients requiring specific anti-C. difficile treatment. Much of the interest in alternative therapies has centred on the difficult management issues posed by patients with multiple symptomatic recurrences of C. difficile infection. However, it is now clear that the majority of these episodes are due to reinfections with new C. difficile strains and not relapses caused by the original bacterium. Hence, the true efficacy of the alternative regimens remains unclear. Individuals susceptible to C. difficile reinfections need to be protected from exposure to C. difficile until their bowel flora recovers. While several biotherapeutic approaches to the treatment and prevention of C. difficile infection have been described, few controlled data are available. Preliminary studies with anti-C. difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrates for treatment and prevention have produced promising results. Vaccination to prevent C. difficile infection, particularly in high-risk elderly patients managed within institutions where C. difficile is endemic, is a worthwhile therapeutic goal.