Non-photic signalling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Scheduled arousal by handling and sub-cutaneous saline injection entrains the free-running clock of the adult Syrian hamster and outbred (ID(ICR)) but not inbred (C57B16) mice. Syrian hamsters bearing lesions of the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus remain able to entrain and phase-shift to light, but the lesions block completely entrainment by serial arousal, even though lesioned animals continue to respond acutely to the arousing cue. This suggests that the innervation from the IGL to the SCN is a necessary component of the pathways which signal an aroused state to the clock. Siberian hamsters do not entrain to serial arousal but they do entrain to serial injections of melatonin, whereas in adult Syrian hamster, systemic treatment with melatonin has no effect above that of arousal. In contrast to the adult, the foetal and neonatal Syrian hamster can be entrained by melatonin. These variations in sensitivity correlate with inter-specific and developmental differences in the pattern and level of expression of melatonin receptors in the SCN. The perinatal hamster can also be entrained by dopaminergic agonists. SCN tissue from neonatal Syrian hamsters was used to characterise the biochemical actions of dopamine and melatonin. In primary culture and tissue explants, forskolin, dopamine and glutamatergic agonists all stimulated the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB. This probably occurred via convergent actions through Ca2+ (glutamate) and cyclic AMP-dependent (forskolin, dopamine) signalling pathways. Dopamine induced phospho-CREB-ir exclusively in GABA-ir neurons and melatonin reversed this effect of dopamine, indicative of an inhibitory Gi protein linking via the Mel1a receptor to adenylyl cyclase. The regulation of phospho-CREB by multiple entraining cues in the SCN highlights its position as a point of convergence for regulators of the clock, and indicates a possible role in entrainment.