Physical restraints in nursing homes: a review of the literature since the Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987.

The use of physical restraints is one of the most negative features of nursing home care. Their use significantly affects the quality of life of residents. In an attempt to limit the use of restraints, the Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) of 1987 contained provisions regulating their use. In this article, the authors review the literature on the use and consequences of physical restraints in nursing homes since the passage of the NHRA. First, they describe the history behind the use of restraints and define what is considered to be a physical restraint. Second, they examine the four most common justifications for restraint use. Third, they describe the incidence and prevalence of restraint use. Fourth, they address demographic and clinical characteristics of residents that have been found to be associated with restraint use. Fifth, they examine negative outcomes of restraining residents. Finally, they describe alternatives to using restraints.