Computation of the electrical double layer properties of semipermeable membranes in multicomponent electrolytes

A methodology is presented for calculating of the surface potential, Donnan potential, and ion concentration profiles for semipermeable microbial membranes that is valid for an arbitrary electrolyte composition. This model for surface potential, Donnan potential, and charge density was applied to recently reported experimental data for gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus brevis, Rhodococcus opacus, Rhodococcus erythropolis, and Corynebacterium species. These calculations show that previously unconsidered trace amounts of divalent and trivalent cations at very low concentrations (10(-6) M) can have significant effects on the calculated surface and Donnan potentials, at ionic strengths of I </= 0.01 M, and that these effects need to be considered in accurate modeling of microbial surface. In addition, the calculated ion concentration profiles show that owing to the relatively high surface charges that can develop in microbial membranes, electrostatic effects can act to significantly concentrate divalent (factors of 5 x 10(3)) and trivalent (factors of 2 x 10(4)) cations within the bacterial cell wall. Comparison of the calculated concentration factors with those derived from experiments shows that a significant fraction of the uptake of metal by bacteria can be explained by the proposed electrostatic model.