The challenge of improving iron nutrition: limitations and potentials of major intervention approaches.

Various approaches to improving iron status are discussed. Success in controlling iron deficiency worldwide will require the exploration and demonstration of all possible options. The approaches, which are not mutually exclusive, include iron supplementation, nutrition education, reducing intestinal parasites (particularly hookworm), expanding fortification of processed foods, and developing crops that are more iron bioavailable. Coordination with existing health and nutrition programs can enhance progress toward better overall nutrition. For example, in the development of food fortification or of crops with higher nutritional value, the combination of multiple micronutrients can be considered. Within the primary health care system, iron supplementation and deworming can be coordinated with other health care activities. The ultimate success in control of iron deficiency will depend on how well the various intervention approaches can be integrated within the current framework of public health, food processing, and agriculture development.