Mapping the cingulate cortex in response selection and monitoring.

Many cognitive tasks have activated areas of the cingulate cortex. These include error detection, divided attention, conflict, and word generation tasks. However, the exact area of the cingulate found to be active has differed. This could be due to difference in subjects, laboratories, data analysis, or task conditions. The current study uses two very different tasks known to activate the cingulate and compares data from the same subjects and same trials to see whether there are temporal and spatial distinctions in cingulate activations. The tasks chosen were generation of the use of a noun and feedback that an error was made in the time window required for generation. High-density electrical recording was used to trace the time course of cingulate activation in the difference waves between correct and error feedback and between generate and repeat. Both tasks produced activity that is consistent with cingulate activation. However, the two tasks produced activity in different areas. These data are consistent with the idea that differences in areas of the cingulate activated differ between cognitive tasks and are not merely due to subject and laboratory differences.