Age, dominance rank, natal status, and tenure among male macaques.

Age and rank are often related among males in multi-male groups of macaques. However, recent studies have not consistently reported that age and rank are correlated. This paper reviews studies providing data on at least age and rank for each individual in the sample to investigate how the demographic composition of data samples can affect whether statistical analysis finds significant correlations between age and rank. I reanalyzed data on the age composition, natal status, and length of tenure of the males comprising the samples. Significant nonlinear age-rank relations existed in four of seven studies reviewed. Samples lost statistical significance after removing younger individuals, but at different lower age limits. Samples showing no significant age-rank correlation consisted mostly of adults or natal males. The length of tenure in a troop and natal status showed strong correlations with residuals of the nonlinear age-rank regressions, implying that these factors tend to weaken age-rank correlations, but tenure may have little effect independent of age among males staying in troops longer than about 1 year. The data suggest that the demographic composition of study samples, especially age, may still explain some differences in conclusions among studies on rank and reproductive success focused on "adult" samples. Relatively younger or older males may have contributed to significant correlations between rank and measures of mating success, as they do for age and rank. Primatologists may need to apply nonlinear statistical techniques to samples composed of wide age ranges without subdivision to investigate the causes of both the cross-age and within-age variation in dominance rank or reproductive success.