BACKGROUND: The frequency of, course of, and factors associated with cardiovascular abnormalities in pediatric HIV are incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: A baseline echocardiogram (median age, 2.1 years) and 2 years of follow-up every 4 months were obtained as part of a prospective study on 196 vertically HIV-infected children. Age- or body surface area-adjusted z scores were calculated by use of data from normal control subjects. Although 88% had symptomatic HIV infection, only 2 had CHF at enrollment, with a 2-year cumulative incidence of 4.7% (95% CI, 1.5% to 7.9%). All mean cardiac measurements were abnormal at baseline (decreased left ventricular fractional shortening [LV FS] and contractility and increased heart rate and LV dimension, mass, and wall stresses). Most of the abnormal baseline cardiac measurements correlated with depressed CD4 cell count z scores and the presence of HIV encephalopathy. Heart rate and LV mass showed significantly progressive abnormalities, whereas FS and contractility tended to decline. No association was seen between longitudinal changes in FS and CD4 cell count z score. Children who developed encephalopathy during follow-up had depressed initial FS, and FS continued to decline during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical cardiac abnormalities in HIV-infected children are common, persistent, and often progressive. Dilated cardiomyopathy (depressed contractility and dilatation) and inappropriate LV hypertrophy (elevated LV mass in the setting of decreased height and weight) were noted. Depressed LV function correlated with immune dysfunction at baseline but not longitudinally, suggesting that the CD4 cell count may not be a useful surrogate marker of HIV-associated LV dysfunction. However, the development of encephalopathy may signal a decline in FS.
BACKGROUND: The frequency of, course of, and factors associated with cardiovascular abnormalities in pediatric HIV are incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: A baseline echocardiogram (median age, 2.1 years) and 2 years of follow-up every 4 months were obtained as part of a prospective study on 196 vertically HIV-infectedchildren. Age- or body surface area-adjusted z scores were calculated by use of data from normal control subjects. Although 88% had symptomatic HIV infection, only 2 had CHF at enrollment, with a 2-year cumulative incidence of 4.7% (95% CI, 1.5% to 7.9%). All mean cardiac measurements were abnormal at baseline (decreased left ventricular fractional shortening [LV FS] and contractility and increased heart rate and LV dimension, mass, and wall stresses). Most of the abnormal baseline cardiac measurements correlated with depressedCD4 cell count z scores and the presence of HIV encephalopathy. Heart rate and LV mass showed significantly progressive abnormalities, whereas FS and contractility tended to decline. No association was seen between longitudinal changes in FS and CD4 cell count z score. Children who developed encephalopathy during follow-up had depressed initial FS, and FS continued to decline during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical cardiac abnormalities in HIV-infectedchildren are common, persistent, and often progressive. Dilated cardiomyopathy (depressed contractility and dilatation) and inappropriate LV hypertrophy (elevated LV mass in the setting of decreased height and weight) were noted. Depressed LV function correlated with immune dysfunction at baseline but not longitudinally, suggesting that the CD4 cell count may not be a useful surrogate marker of HIV-associated LV dysfunction. However, the development of encephalopathy may signal a decline in FS.
Authors: S E Lipshultz; C H Fox; A R Perez-Atayde; S P Sanders; S D Colan; K McIntosh; H S Winter Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 1990-07-15 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: D W Anderson; R Virmani; J M Reilly; T O'Leary; R E Cunnion; M Robinowitz; A M Macher; U Punja; S T Villaflor; J E Parrillo Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 1988-04 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: S Fazio; D Sabatini; B Capaldo; C Vigorito; A Giordano; R Guida; F Pardo; B Biondi; L Saccà Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 1996-03-28 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: M Packer; M R Bristow; J N Cohn; W S Colucci; M B Fowler; E M Gilbert; N H Shusterman Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 1996-05-23 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: S E Lipshultz; K A Easley; E J Orav; S Kaplan; T J Starc; J T Bricker; W W Lai; D S Moodie; G Sopko; M D Schluchter; S D Colan Journal: Circulation Date: 2001-07-17 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: David Ebb; Paul Meyers; Holcombe Grier; Mark Bernstein; Richard Gorlick; Steven E Lipshultz; Mark Krailo; Meenakshi Devidas; Donald A Barkauskas; Gene P Siegal; William Shay Ferguson; George Douglas Letson; Karen Marcus; Allen Goorin; Peter Beardsley; Neyssa Marina Journal: J Clin Oncol Date: 2012-06-04 Impact factor: 44.544
Authors: Steven E Lipshultz; William T Shearer; Bruce Thompson; Kenneth C Rich; Irene Cheng; E John Orav; Sulekha Kumar; Ricardo H Pignatelli; Louis I Bezold; Philip LaRussa; Thomas J Starc; Julie S Glickstein; Sharon O'Brien; Ellen R Cooper; James D Wilkinson; Tracie L Miller; Steven D Colan Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 2011-01-04 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: Steven E Lipshultz; Kirk A Easley; E John Orav; Samuel Kaplan; Thomas J Starc; J Timothy Bricker; Wyman W Lai; Douglas S Moodie; George Sopko; Mark D Schluchter; Steven D Colan Journal: Lancet Date: 2002-08-03 Impact factor: 79.321