Inhibition of actin polymerization by cytochalasin B induces polyploidization and increases the number of nucleolar organizer regions in human megakaryocyte cell lines.

Megakaryocyte polyploidization is an advantageous and regulated mechanism which leads to an increase in platelet production. In megakaryocyte cell lines, polyploidization can be obtained by using cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of the actin polymerization. The Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNORs) are parts of nucleolar DNA transcribed into ribosomal RNA. They are detected by silver staining technique and their number is proportional to protein synthesis. In order to estimate protein synthesis in polyploidizing megakaryocytes, AgNORs were measured in three cell lines with megakaryocyte properties (DAMI, HEL and K562) after a 4-day culture in the presence or absence of cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of the actin polymerization. The mean number of AgNORs per cell was 16.4 +/- 4.3 (m +/- SEM); 24.4 +/- 2.5 and 13.6 +/- 3.1 for DAMI, HEL and K-562 cell lines, respectively. The addition of cytochalasin B (2 micrograms/ml) increased significantly the number of AgNORs per cell (DAMI: 437%, HEL: 384% and K-562: 345% of controls, p < 0.05 by t-test). Moreover, the numbers of nucleoles per cell after addition of cytochalasin B were augmented significantly (DAMI: 258%, HEL: 271% and K-562: 264% of controls, p < 0.05 by t-test). The total protein content estimated by Bradford's method increased significantly to 938%, 326% and 388% of controls in DAMI, HEL and K562, respectively (p < 0.05 by t-test) in cells where actin was inhibited by cytochalasin B. In the presence of cytochalasin B, the endomitotic index (EI) [mean of (log2 DNA content expressed in N) 1] measured by flow cytometry increased to 368%, 207% and 538%, for DAMI, HEL and K-562 cell lines, respectively (p < 0.05 by t-test) after treatment with cytochalasin B. In contrast, the number of AgNORs per unit of DNA (EI) and the total protein content per unit of DNA did not change for DAMI, HEL and K-562 cell lines (p < 0.05 by t-test) after treatment with cytochalasin B. In conclusion, the increase in the number of the Nucleolar Organizer Regions by an agent known to stimulate polyploidization of megakaryocytic cell lines suggests that polyploidization occurs by enhanced protein production proportionally to DNA synthesis.