Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B attenuates proinflammatory cytokine and inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression in postischemic myocardium.

We have previously reported that induction of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) occurs in a biphasic manner in postischemic myocardium. Because interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) contain kappa B-response elements, and since transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) down-modulates both cytokine and iNOS expression, we studied their temporal expression during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Northern and Western analyses showed low levels of IL-6 and no signal for IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and iNOS under basal conditions. Their expression rose significantly over sham-operated controls by 1 h reperfusion, and persisted high for various periods. Under basal conditions, low levels of TGF-beta 1 were detected, which rose significantly at 3 h reperfusion, and remained high until 24 h reperfusion. Administration of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) inhibited induction of NF-kappa B and concomitantly the expression of IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha as well as iNOS. However, expression of TGF-beta was not altered. Our results indicate that ischemia/reperfusion induces NF-kappa B, and upregulates kappa B-response genes. Administration of DDC inhibits NF-kappa B levels, and attenuates expression of inflammatory cytokines and iNOS.