Evolutionary relationships among the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) inferred from partial 16S rDNA gene sequences.

Phylogenetic relationships among the Braconidae were examined using homologous 16S rDNA gene sequence data. Analyses recovered the few well-supported relationships evident in this family from morphological analyses, viz the monophyly of the microgastroid complex of subfamilies, the monophyly of the cyclostome complex of subfamilies (= braconoids), a sister-group relationship between the Alysiinae and Opiinae, and a close relationship between the Helconinae and Blacinae. With respect to the braconoid complex of subfamilies, a sister-group relationship was recovered between Aphidiinae and Mesostoinae, and a clade composed of Gnamptodontinae + Histeromerinae + Rhyssalinae + Aphidiinae + Mesostoinae was also recovered. The Doryctinae and Rogadinae sensu lato (s.l.) were generally not resolved as monophyletic. With respect to the helconoid complex of subfamilies, a sister-group relationship was recovered between Sigalphinae and Agathidinae, whereas Neoneurinae fell out among other helconoid subfamilies. Other relationships among the helconoid subfamilies were unclear from these analyses. With respect to the microgastroid complex of subfamilies, our data conform to morphological estimates, recovering ((Microgastrinae + Miracinae) + Cardiochilinae) + Cheloninae. The topology of our trees suggests that the cyclostome subfamilies are a natural derived group, inferring that endoparasitism (not ectoparasitism) is the ancestral state for the Braconidae, unless all of the ectoparasitic ancestors of the helconoid + microgastroid subfamilies are now extinct.