Two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy: a new tool for on-line bioprocess monitoring.

Two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy is presented as a new method for bioprocess monitoring. It covers a wide range of excitation and emission wavelengths and is a further development of the fluorescence measurements performed so far, which concentrated mainly on NAD(P)H culture fluorescence. Biogenic fluorophores such as proteins, coenzymes, and vitamins can simultaneously be detected qualitatively and quantitatively inside and outside the cells. This optical method is noninvasive, suitable for in vivo measurements. One whole spectrum (excitation, 250-550 nm; emission, 260-600 nm) with the described parameters is performed within 1 min, which allows an almost continuous monitoring of the bioprocess. The technique is ideal for on-line, in situ measurements via fiber optical systems. Results are presented for cultivations of Claviceps purpurea, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Sphingomonas yanoikuyae. Cell growth and the metabolism of the cells (changes from aerobic to anaerobic conditions and uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation) could be detected.