Phylogeny of fungus-growing ants (Tribe Attini) based on mtDNA sequence and morphology.

We examined the phylogenetic relationships among taxa of attine or "fungus-growing" ants (Tribe Attini) using parsimony analyses of molecular and morphological data. We sequenced a region of mitochondrial DNA from 13 taxa of attines and from one closely related outgroup species, Wasmannia auropunctata. Our study sequence included the 3' end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO I) locus (183 to 198 total sites; 91 informative sites), an intergenic spacer region of variable size (0 to 152 sites), the tRNA leucine locus (65 to 74 sites), and the 5' end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (co II) locus (292 total sites; 140 informative sites). The inferred relationships among the attine taxa based on an unweighted analysis of the nucleotide sequence data closely matched the relationships inferred from an analysis of larval morphological characters from 11 of the taxa. In fact, the inferred relationships were completely congruent among the protein parsimony analysis of amino acid data, the morphology analysis, and "total evidence" analysis combining the amino acid and morphology data. The congruent conclusions we obtained from two independent data sets increases our confidence in the reliability of our analyses.