Reactive, degenerative, and proliferative Schwann cell responses in experimental galactose and human diabetic neuropathy.

Despite early descriptions of hypertrophic Schwann cells and onion-bulb formation in patients with diabetic neuropathy, clinical and experimental studies have emphasized axonal pathology. In recent years, the Schwann cell has been further implicated in diabetic neuropathy because it is the primary intrafascicular location for the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, aldose reductase, which appears to have a role in modulating a variety of complications of diabetes, including diabetic neuropathy. To further explore the role of polyol pathway flux in the pathogenesis of Schwann cell injury, ultrastructural abnormalities of Schwann cells in human diabetic neuropathy (HDN) were compared with those in experimental galactose neuropathy (EGN), a well-characterized model of hyperglycemia without hypoinsulinemia. Similar to previous studies of EGN, reactive, degenerative and proliferative changes of Schwann cells were observed after 2, 4 and 24 months of galactose intoxication. Reactive changes included accumulation of lipid droplets, pi granules of Reich and glycogen granules, increased numbers of subplasmalemmal vesicles, cytoplasmic expansion, and capping. Degenerative changes included enlargement of mitochondria and effacement of cristae, and disintegration of both abaxonal and adaxonal cytosol and organelles. Both demyelination and onion-bulb formation were seen at all time points, although supernumerary Schwann cells and axonal degeneration were most numerous after 24 months of galactose feeding. In sural nerve biopsy samples from patients with diabetes and progressive worsening of neuropathy, ultrastructural abnormalities in Schwann cells encompassed the full range of reactive, degenerative and proliferative changes described in galactose-fed rats. The concordance of fine-structural observations in nerves from galactose-fed rats and these adult-onset diabetic patients emphasizes the role of flux through aldose reductase in the complex pathology of diabetic neuropathy and points to the utility of galactose intoxication in helping to understand this metabolic disorder.