Recreational and occupational physical activities and risk of breast cancer.

Physical activity has been hypothesized to reduce breast cancer risk, but an inverse association has not been consistently reported. In this review, we critically evaluate for coherence, validity, and bias the epidemiologic studies on recreational or occupational physical activity, discuss the biologic plausibility of the association, and identify areas for future research. Results from seven of nine studies suggest that higher levels of occupational physical activity may be associated with a reduction in risk, at least among a subgroup of women. Eleven of 16 investigations on recreational exercise reported a 12%-60% decrease in risk among premenopausal and postmenopausal women, although a dose-response trend was not evident in most of the studies. The reduction in risk associated with exercise was more likely to be observed in case-control studies than in cohort studies. Most investigations incompletely assessed physical activity, which contributed to conflicting findings on the optimal time period, duration, frequency, or intensity of activity to minimize risk. Physical activity may exert its effects through changes in menstrual characteristics, reduced body size, or alterations in immune function. In summary, most epidemiologic studies of physical activity reported a reduction in the risk of breast cancer among physically active women. Future research studies should focus on using a cohort design to rule out recall bias as a possible explanation for the decrease in risk associated with exercise, on improving assessment of lifetime physical activity from all sources to clarify whether there is a dose-response relation or an optimal time period, duration, frequency, or intensity of activity, and on elucidating the underlying mechanisms for the inverse association.