Effects of testosterone administration and castration on the forelimb musculature of male leopard frogs, Rana pipiens.

In Rana pipiens, forelimb muscles that are used by males to clasp females during amplexus are sexually dimorphic in mass, protein content, and fiber composition. This experiment examined the effects of castration and exogenous testosterone on wet mass, dry mass, and protein content of the 22 major forelimb muscles of male leopard frogs to determine whether established patterns of sexual dimorphism of the muscles are reflected in differential androgen sensitivity. Muscles ranged from highly and moderately responsive to testosterone treatment (e.g., flexors of the elbow and of the carpus; adductors of the shoulder and of the first digit) to nonresponsive to testosterone (antagonists to these muscles). The mean dry mass of the testosterone-responsive muscles ranged broadly from 28-164% over control values. Castration had little or no effect on the response to testosterone, nor did it affect muscle mass in frogs not treated with hormone, as compared to sham-operated animals. Experimental treatment did not alter water content or protein concentration of muscles. The degree of testosterone sensitivity exhibited among the muscles of males closely correlated with their degree of sexual dimorphism. We postulate that androgens influence the functional attributes of male forelimb muscles through both organizational and activational effects.