Diel flight periodicity of the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus and the effects of meteorological conditions.

The hourly flight periodicity of adults of the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus was sampled at a site in Western Scotland, using suction traps over 18 days in July/August 1994. In addition, meteorological conditions were logged continuously. Female but not male C. impunctatus had a bimodal pattern of activity, with peaks at dawn and dusk. The dawn peak (05.00-07.00 hours) was most distinct. Correlation analysis revealed significantly positive relationships between catches of female midges and both relative humidity and rainfall, and negative relationships with wind velocity. The calculation of partial correlation coefficients reinforced the influence of relative humidity on female activity, and highlighted a further positive relationship with air temperature. Male C.impunctatus activity was negatively correlated with air temperature, although the total male catch was relatively small (15% of total trap catches) and further data would be required to confirm this result. Overall, the results help to clarify previous confusion as to whether C.impunctatus has a circadian rhythm of activity, with the data matching closely predictions of a bimodal pattern. Clearly, this pattern will be damped by meteorological conditions, which may vary greatly on a local scale.