Interaction of the two frontal eye fields before saccade onset.

A normal environment often contains many objects of interest that compete to attract our gaze. Nevertheless, instead of initiating a flurry of conflicting signals, central populations of oculomotor neurons always seem to agree on the destination of the next saccade. How is such a consensus achieved? In a unit recording and microstimulation study on trained monkeys, we sought to elucidate the mechanism through which saccade-related cells in the frontal eye fields (FEF) avoid issuing competing commands. Presaccadic neuronal activity was recorded in one FEF while stimulating the contralateral FEF with low-intensity currents that evoked saccades. When an eye-movement cell was isolated, we determined: the movement field of the cell, the cell's response to contralateral FEF microstimulation, the cell's response when the evoked saccade was in the preferred direction of the cell (using the collision technique to deviate appropriately the evoked saccade vector), and the cell's response to a stimulation applied during a saccade in the cell's preferred direction, to reveal a possible inhibitory effect. Complete results were obtained for 71 stimulation-recording pairs of FEF sites. The unit responses observed were distributed as follows: 35% of the cells were unaffected, 37% were inhibited, and 20% excited by contralateral stimulation. These response types depended on the site of contralateral stimulation and did not vary when saccades were redirected by collision. This invariant excitation or inhibition of cells, seemingly due to hardwired connections, depended on the angular difference between their preferred vector and the vector represented by the cells stimulated. By contrast, 8% of the cells were either activated or inhibited depending on the vector of the saccade actually evoked by collision. These results suggest that the consensus between cells of oculomotor structures at the time of saccade initiation is implemented by functional connections such that the cells that command similar movements mutually excite each other while silencing those that would produce conflicting movements. Such a rule would be an effective implementation of a winner-take-all mechanism well suited to prevent conflicts.