The potential of Betv1 homologues, a nuclear multigene family, as phylogenetic markers in flowering plants.

Betv1 homologues are a ubiquitous group of genes in flowering plants encoding a class of highly conserved defense-related proteins and containing open reading frames from 465 to 480 bp. Betv1-like genes consist of two exons interrupted by an intron of 76-359 bp, with the intron position highly conserved. The pairwise p distance ranged from 0 to 0.583 among flowering plants. Within plant families, the ranges of the p distance were 0-0.403, 0-0.253, and 0.011-0.369, for Apiaceae, Betulaceae, and Fabaceae, respectively. The most striking feature of the betv1 gene phylogeny was that the multiple sequences from each plant family formed a monophyletic group and sequences from each species were generally more similar to each other than those from other species. The almost exclusive paralogous relationships of genes from the same species suggested that the genes of the multigene family underwent strong concerted evolution. Phylogenies of Betulaceae and Fabaceae inferred from betv1 gene trees were generally congruent with those based on morphology and other molecules. Betv1 homologues constitute potential phylogenetic markers at the intrafamilial level or among closely related families in flowering plants.