Electrotonic measurements by electric field-induced polarization in neurons: theory and experimental estimation.

We present a theory for estimation of the dendritic electrotonic length constant and the membrane time constant from the transmembrane potential (TMP) induced by an applied electric field. The theory is adapted to morphologically defined neurons with homogeneous passive electric properties. Frequency characteristics and transients at the onset and offset of the DC field are considered. Two relations are useful for estimating the electrotonic parameters: 1) steady-state polarization versus the dendritic electrotonic length constant; 2) membrane time constant versus length constant. These relations are monotonic and may provide a unique estimate of the electrotonic parameters for 3D-reconstructed neurons. Equivalent tip-to-tip electrotonic length of the dendritic tree was estimated by measuring the equalization time of the field-induced TMP. For 11 turtle spinal motoneurons, the electrotonic length from tip to tip of the dendrites was in the range of 1-2.5 lambda, whereas classical estimation using injection of current pulses gave an average dendrite length of 0.9-1.1 lambda. For seven ventral horn interneurons, the estimates were 0.7-2.6 lambda and 0.6-0.9 lambda, respectively. The measurements of the field-induced polarization promise to be a useful addition to the conventional methods using microelectrode stimulation.