Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Finnish north Karelia. A molecular, clinical, and genealogical study.

A specific mutation termed FH-North Karelia [FH-NK] accounts for almost 90% of familial hypercholesterolemia [FH] cases in the Finnish North Karelia, with a population of about 180,000. Extensive search for its presence in the entire North Karelia province revealed 340 carriers of this mutation. Other mutations of the LDL receptor [LDLR] gene accounted for 67 cases of heterozygous FH. This gives a minimum FH prevalence of 1 in 441 inhabitants in North Karelia, with the highest density of patients in the Polvijärvi commune (1 in 143 inhabitants). Old parish records, confirmation records, and tax records were used to track a common ancestor for most of the present-day North Karelian FH-NK patients in the village of Puso, located within an area where the FH prevalence today is the highest. DNA analysis indicated that 2% of the subjects aged 1 to 25 years would have been diagnosed as false-negative and 7% as false-positive FH patients on the basis of LDL cholesterol [LDL-C] determinations alone. Common genetic variations of apolipoprotein E [apoE], XbaI, polymorphism of apolipoprotein B [apoB], and PvuII polymorphism of the intact LDLR allele contributed little to serum lipid variation in established carriers of the FH-NK allele, although apoE2/4 genotype and the presence of the PvuII restriction site tended to be associated with relatively low LDL-C levels. Coronary heart disease (CHD) was present in 65 (30%) out of the 179 FH gene carriers aged > or = 25 years, and 19 individuals had a previous history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The average age (mean +/- SD) at onset of CHD was 42 +/- 7 years for males and 48 +/- 11 years for females (P < .05). In stepwise logistic regression analysis carried out in carriers of the FH-NK allele, age, gender, smoking, and apoE allele E2 all emerged as independent determinants of risk of CHD or AMI. It may be concluded that the relatively high prevalence of FH patients in North Karelia province provides a unique founder population in which genetic and nongenetic factors modifying the course of FH can be effectively investigated.