Uses of clozapine in nonschizophrenic patients.

Clozapine is a novel antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenic patients who have not responded to or have been unable to tolerate conventional neuroleptic therapy. In this paper, the literature surveying the uses of clozapine in the treatment of patients with nonschizophrenic illnesses, in particular psychotic affective disorders (bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder), will be reviewed. (A Medline search was done for all papers concerning clozapine; those that represented major contributions to the literature were used.) Results from a prospective study at McLean Hospital assessing the effects of diagnosis on response will be presented. Several other uses in nonschizophrenic patients will also be discussed. Because of its relative freedom from extrapyramidal side effects, it is an important agent in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease who also have psychotic symptoms. It may be effective in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in nearly 50% of patients with that symptom. In addition, the drug may be useful in treating violent patients and those with certain movement disorders, atypical borderline personality disorder, or chronic psychotic symptoms. Due to the risk of agranulocytosis, clozapine cannot yet be considered a first-choice treatment for psychotic symptoms, but many studies indicate it to be helpful with a wide variety of treatment-resistant ones.