Predictors of prenatal substance use and birth weight during outpatient treatment.

This paper presents evaluation results of a CSAP-funded case management project associated with an outpatient substance abuse treatment (SAT) program for women and their children. Key findings are: (a) case management and threat of child protective services encourage retention in SAT during pregnancy, (b) retention in SAT has a positive effect on reducing illicit substance use, (c) receiving methadone during pregnancy has a negative effect on reducing illicit substance use, and (d) reduction in illicit substance use has a positive effect on birth weight. These findings indicate retention in SAT and decreased illicit drug use are associated with improved infant birth weight, which is associated with other improvements, such as decreased infant mortality and morbidity. The finding of a relationship between methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and illicit drug use creates a dilemma for practice: to what extent should the dose of methadone be decreased during pregnancy, given the fact that women may then increase illicit use of drugs.