Effects of reagent and enzymatically generated hypochlorite on physicochemical and metabolic properties of high density lipoproteins.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a protein secreted by activated phagocytes, may be a potential candidate for the generation of modified/oxidized lipoproteins in vivo via intermediate formation of HOCl, a powerful oxidant. During the present study, the effects of reagent NaOCl and OCl- generated by the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system on physicochemical and metabolic properties of high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass 3 (HDL3) were investigated. Up to a molar oxidant:lipoprotein ratio of approximately 30:1, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major HDL3 apolipoprotein component, represented the preferential target for OCl- attack (consuming 35-76% of the oxidant), thereby protecting HDL3 fatty acids (consuming between 17 and 30% of the oxidant) against OCl--mediated modification. At molar oxidant:HDL3 ratios >/= 60:1, we have observed pronounced consumption of HDL3 unsaturated fatty acids with concomitant formation of fatty acid chlorohydrins. Modification of HDL3 in the presence of the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system resulted in amino acid oxidation in a manner comparable with that found with reagent NaOCl only. Treatment of HDL3 with reagent NaOCl as well as modification by the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system resulted in significantly enhanced turnover rates of HDL3 by mouse peritoneal macrophages, an effect that was not a result of HDL3 aggregation as judged by dynamic and static light-scattering experiments. In comparison with native HDL3, the degradation by macrophages was enhanced by 4- and 15-fold when HDL3 was modified with reagent NaOCl or the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system. Finally, the ability of HDL3 to promote cellular cholesterol efflux from macrophages was significantly diminished after modification with reagent NaOCl. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the modification of HDL3 by hypochlorite (added as reagent or generated by the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system) transformed an antiatherogenic lipoprotein particle into a modified lipoprotein with characteristics similar to lipoproteins commonly thought to initiate foam cell formation in vivo.