Adolescent outcome of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social disability: results from a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study.

IQ-achievement discrepancy methodology similar to that used in defining learning disabilities has recently been used to identify a subset of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evidencing marked impairment in social functioning. In this study, 2 issues were examined: (a) What is the longitudinal outcome of boys with ADHD identified at baseline as "socially disabled"? (b) Is social disability at baseline a significant predictor of severe long-term outcomes (such as substance use disorders) in boys with ADHD? If so, are its predictive relationships accounted for by conditions that are comorbid with ADHD? Results showed that, at follow-up, boys with ADHD who also had social disability evidenced significantly higher rates of mood, anxiety, disruptive, and substance use disorders, compared with nonsocially disabled boys with ADHD and comparison boys without ADHD. Findings also showed that social disability at baseline in boys with ADHD was a significant predictor of later conduct disorder and most substance use disorders after baseline mood and conduct disorders and behavior checklist ratings of aggressive behavior and attention problems were controlled.