Adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer: present and future perspectives.

In recent years, adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer has advanced considerably. This article reviews these advances and provides an update of the most recent and ongoing trials. In 1990, adjuvant therapy became the "standard of care" for patients with Stage III colon cancer (Dukes C) in the United States. Recent clinical trial data indicate that adjuvant treatment may also be effective in patients with Stage II (Dukes B2) colon cancer. The combination of 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin may slightly improve survival (5-10 percent) compared with the standard 5-fluorouracil plus levamisole combination. The three-drug regimen (5-fluorouracil plus levamisole plus leucovorin) is more toxic, with no superior effect on survival. Intraportal chemotherapy, although it may significantly improve patient survival, does not decrease the frequency of liver metastases. However, it is still a promising form of adjuvant therapy owing to its short treatment period and relatively equivalent effects in survival compared with that of systemic therapy. For patients with Stage II or Stage III rectal cancer, postoperative systemic 5-fluorouracil plus radiation therapy plus protracted venous 5-fluorouracil infusion is the most effective postoperative adjuvant regimen. However, results from several studies show that preoperative radiation alone or chemoradiation for advanced local rectal cancers might also be effective while also improving resectability, decreasing morbidity, and increasing the chance that a sphincter-sparing procedure may be performed. The role of leucovorin in rectal cancer remains to be determined. Immune therapies with agents such as interferon-alpha-2a, monoclonal antibody 17-1A, and autologous tumor vaccines are being assessed and could further improve survival.