Straight-line movement and competitive mate searching in prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis

Males compete in various ways for mating and reproductive success. Phylogenetic factors and local ecology affect female spatial and temporal distributions, which in turn influence the form of male competition, sexual selection and mating systems. In prairie rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis viridispopulations where (1) males seek females during a brief reproductive period, (2) females are relatively few, and (3) females are widely and unpredictably distributed spatially into small discrete clusters, males should show efficient mate searching more so than time-consuming 'handling' (e.g. fighting, mate persuasion). Natural history studies and computer and mathematical modelling generate this expectation. This long-term field study of prairie rattlesnakes in Wyoming indicated that straight-line (i.e. fixed-bearing) movement by males is critical for mate location and, thus, for mating success. Males that searched along straight-line paths located and mated with more females than those having less straight movement paths. Fighting was observed rarely, and no relationship was found between males' success at mate location and body mass and/or snout-vent length. Thus a range of traits may mediate competition and mating success among male snakes.