Detection of circulating melanoma cells by specific amplification of tyrosinase complementary DNA is not a reliable tumor marker in melanoma patients: a clinical two-center study.

PURPOSE: Recently, the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of tyrosinase messenger RNA (mRNA) was reported to be a useful tool for the detection of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients. Our aim was to evaluate critically the diagnostic value of this marker by investigating a significant number of patients in different stages of the disease in a two-center study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Different techniques of blood collection, RNA isolation, and RT-PCR were compared, and the detectability of tyrosinase mRNA was tested using nine different melanoma cell lines. The sensitivity of the method was confirmed by blood spiking experiments and the specificity by restriction enzyme analysis. Subsequently, a total of 153 blood samples from 137 individuals (30 healthy subjects, five basal cell carcinoma, and 102 melanoma patients) were investigated.
RESULTS: The detection level of melanoma cells differed between the cell lines tested. However, we could reproducibly detect single melanoma cells by spiking whole blood samples from healthy volunteers. One of 43 patients with primary melanoma (2.3%), zero of 15 patients with regional metastasis (0%), and 12 of 44 patients with advanced disease (27.3%) were found to be RT-PCR positive. All blood samples obtained from controls and patients with basal cell carcinoma were tyrosinose mRNA negative.
CONCLUSION: Our data support the recent doubts that the detection of circulating tumor cells in melanoma patients using the tyrosinase mRNA RT-PCR is not sensitive enough to be used either as a melanoma progression marker in early stages of the disease or to monitor therapy in advanced stages of the disease.