Formation of stable polypeptide monolayers at interfaces: controlling molecular conformation and orientation.

The molecular self-organization and structural properties of peptide assemblies at different interfaces, using either amphipathic or hydrophobic polypeptide helices, is described. The two peptides under investigation form stable monolayers on the water surface under the conservation of their molecular conformation, as studied by circular dichroism and polarization-modulation Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Using surface plasmon resonance and reflection-absorption FTIR, we show that such molecular layers can be transferred unaltered to solid substrates. Most importantly, the molecular orientation of the hydrophobic helices on solid supports such as gold can be controlled by choosing a particular procedure for the layer formation. The helices were oriented parallel to the interface in Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers, and perpendicular to the interface in self-assembled monolayers. Our reflection-absorption FTIR measurements have delivered for the first time direct experimental evidence for the molecular conformation and orientation of pure peptide monolayers. Suitable reference spectra of polypeptides with defined conformation and orientation are necessary to use this technique for the determination of the molecular orientation of peptides in monomolecular films. We have solved the problem for alpha-helical polypeptides by using bacteriorhodopsin as a reference in combination with synthetic alpha-helices of defined interfacial orientation. The present study shows the possibility of constructing immobilized peptide monolayers with predefined macroscopic properties and molecular structure by choosing the proper polypeptide amino acid sequence, the technique used for layer formation, and the supporting surface properties.