Anaerobic contribution to the time to exhaustion at the minimal exercise intensity at which maximal oxygen uptake occurs in elite cyclists, kayakists and swimmers.

Using 23 elite male athletes (8 cyclists, 7 kayakists, and 8 swimmers), the contribution of the anaerobic energy system to the time to exhaustion (t(lim)) at the minimal exercise intensity (speed or power) at which maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) occurs (IVO2max) was assessed by analysing the relationship between the t(lim) and the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD). After 10-min warming up at 60% of VO2max, the exercise intensity was increased so that each subject reached his IVO2max in 30 s and then continued at that level until he was exhausted. Pre-tests included a continuous incremental test with 2 min steps for determining the IVO2max and a series of 5-min submaximal intensities to collect the data that would allow the estimation of the energy expenditure at IVO2max. The AOD for the t(lim) exercise was calculated as the difference between the above estimation and the accumulated oxygen uptake. The mean percentage value of energy expenditure covered by anaerobic metabolism was 15.2 [(SD 6)%, range 8.9-24.1] with significant differences between swimmers and kayakists (16.8% vs 11.5%, P < or = 0.05) and cyclists and kayakists (16.4% vs 11.5%, P < or = 0.05). Absolute AOD values ranged from 26.4 ml.kg-1 to 83.6 ml.kg-1 with a mean value of 45.9 (SD 18) ml.kg-1. Considering all the subjects, the t(lim) was found to have a positive and significant correlation with AOD (r = 0.62, P < or = 0.05), and a negative and significant correlation with VO2max (r = -0.46, P < or = 0.05). The data would suggest that the contribution of anaerobic processes during exercise performed at IVO2max should not be ignored when t(lim) is used as a supplementary parameter to evaluate specific adaptation of athletes.