How muscle architecture and moment arms affect wrist flexion-extension moments.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine how the moment arms and architecture of the wrist muscles influence their isometric moment-generating characteristics. A three-dimensional computer graphic model was developed that estimates the moment arms, maximum isometric forces, and maximum isometric flexion-extension moments generated by 15 muscles about the wrist over a range of wrist flexion angles. In combination with measurements of muscle strength, we used this model to answer three questions: (1) why is peak wrist flexion moment greater than peak extension moment, (2) why does flexion moment vary more with wrist flexion angle than does extension moment, and (3) why does flexion moment peak with the wrist in a flexed position? Analysis of the model revealed that the peak flexion moment is greater than the peak extension moment primarily because of the larger (110%) summed physiologic cross-sectional area of the flexors. The larger variation of flexion moment with flexion angle is caused mainly by greater variation of the moment arms of the major wrist flexors with flexion angle. The location of the peak flexion moment is determined by the wrist flexion moment arms (which tend to increase with wrist flexion) in combination with the force-length characteristics of these muscles.