Implications of mothers' personality for their parenting and their young children's developmental outcomes.

Using a recent model (Watson, Clark, & Harkness, 1994), we examined implications of mothers' personality (N = 103) for parenting and children's developmental outcomes, using multiple personality self-reports, lengthy, repeated naturalistic observations, and mothers' reports about parenting and their child. Mothers high in negative emotionality and disagreeableness showed more negative affect and their children were more defiant and angry; they also reported more power-assertive and less nurturant parenting, as well as less secure attachment, more behavioral problems, and lower internalization of rules in their children. Mothers high in constraint and California Psychological Inventory (CPI) socialization reported more secure attachment and better internalization of rules; CPI socialization also correlated negatively with observed maternal verbal power assertion and children's defiance and anger, and positively with compliance. Regression analyses indicated that mothers' personality, particularly negative emotionality and socialization, influenced broadly conceptualized adaptive child outcomes, even after the influence of parenting was controlled.