Cytokine-deficient CD8+ Tc1 cells induced by IL-4: retained inflammation and perforin and Fas cytotoxicity but compromised long term killing of tumor cells.

After antigenic stimulation, naive CD8+ T cells differentiate into cytotoxic Tc1 cells secreting the cytokines IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF, which aid their proliferation and effector functions. We have previously shown that IL-4 acts directly on differentiated Tc1 cells to impair subsequent Con A-induced IL-2 production. As IL-4 may be produced in the vicinity of Tc1 cells during normal immune responses, we have further analyzed the short and long term functions of IL-4-treated Tc1 cells. We now show that these cells also have a defect in the synthesis of IFN-gamma, TNF, and IL-10 in response to antigenic stimulation. IL-2 synthesis was the most sensitive, as stimulation of IL-4-treated Tc1 cells with higher numbers of APCs partially restored IFN-gamma, TNF, and IL-10, but not IL-2, synthesis. Injection of allo-specific Tc1 cells into mice expressing the target Ag revealed reduced cytokine synthesis in vivo by IL-4-treated Tc1 cells. Loss of cytokine synthesis did not impair the short term effector functions of Tc1 cells, as they induced adoptively transferred delayed type hypersensitivity in recipient mice and retained both perforin- and Fas-dependent cytolytic mechanisms in vitro. Long term coculture of tumor targets and tumor-specific Tc1 cells indicated that normal Tc1 cells proliferated and killed tumor cells, whereas IL-4-treated Tc1 cells failed to proliferate and hence were unable to curtail the proliferation of tumor cells. These results suggest that IL-4 synthesis in vivo would not affect immediate effector functions of differentiated Tc1 cells, but would compromise immunity by reducing their long term functional capability.