S R Kottamasu1, L R Kuhns, D A Stringer. 1. Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201-2196, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In conventional radiography, a film-screen system serves as the X-ray detector and the film also functions as an archival and display medium. Unlike film-screen radiography, these functions are uncoupled in computed radiography (CR). CR uses conventional radiographic equipment to expose an image on a storage phosphor plate instead of a film-screen combination. OBJECTIVE: To review the basic concepts of CR and to provide a background for discussion of specific musculoskeletal applications of CR in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Various aspects of musculoskeletal CR in children are presented based on our 4 years' experience and a review of the literature. RESULTS: A greater amount of scatter capture occurs with storage phosphor CR than with a film-screen system in the 70- to 120-kVp range. This is attributed to a lower K-absorption edge of barium in the barium fluorohalide (BaFBr) compound used in the imaging plate. A significant reduction of scatter to primary radiation, improvement in bony trabecular sharpness, and improvement in line pair resolution can be achieved in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging using an air gap without an increase in the skin entrance dose as compared to the non-grid table top technique. With CR, in addition to proper radiographic exposure technique, one needs to preprogram and select the optimal processing technique for each anatomic region, projection and age group of the child. CONCLUSION: The main advantages of CR in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging consist of a reduction in radiation dose for many applications, improved contrast resolution, near elimination of repeat radiographs related to exposure errors, and digital processing capabilities for image enhancement, storage, retrieval, display and transmission. The current limitations of CR include the moderately high start-up cost, the long learning curve to produce optimal films, and the reduced spatial resolution.
BACKGROUND: In conventional radiography, a film-screen system serves as the X-ray detector and the film also functions as an archival and display medium. Unlike film-screen radiography, these functions are uncoupled in computed radiography (CR). CR uses conventional radiographic equipment to expose an image on a storage phosphor plate instead of a film-screen combination. OBJECTIVE: To review the basic concepts of CR and to provide a background for discussion of specific musculoskeletal applications of CR in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Various aspects of musculoskeletal CR in children are presented based on our 4 years' experience and a review of the literature. RESULTS: A greater amount of scatter capture occurs with storage phosphor CR than with a film-screen system in the 70- to 120-kVp range. This is attributed to a lower K-absorption edge of barium in the barium fluorohalide (BaFBr) compound used in the imaging plate. A significant reduction of scatter to primary radiation, improvement in bony trabecular sharpness, and improvement in line pair resolution can be achieved in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging using an air gap without an increase in the skin entrance dose as compared to the non-grid table top technique. With CR, in addition to proper radiographic exposure technique, one needs to preprogram and select the optimal processing technique for each anatomic region, projection and age group of the child. CONCLUSION: The main advantages of CR in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging consist of a reduction in radiation dose for many applications, improved contrast resolution, near elimination of repeat radiographs related to exposure errors, and digital processing capabilities for image enhancement, storage, retrieval, display and transmission. The current limitations of CR include the moderately high start-up cost, the long learning curve to produce optimal films, and the reduced spatial resolution.
Authors: K J Hughes; E H Laidlaw; S M Reed; J Keen; J B Abbott; T Trevail; G Hammond; T D H Parkin; S Love Journal: J Vet Intern Med Date: 2014 Nov-Dec Impact factor: 3.333