Control of circulation in insects.

1. Studies on the physiology of insect circulation have revealed that the insect central nervous system can exert a strong nervous control over certain dorsal vessels and diaphragms. 2. The function of neurohormonal control over the heartbeat of insects, though demonstrated, is less clear. In contrast with studies on the central nervous and skeletal neuromuscular systems, not one neurotransmitter substance has been identified in any of the vessels, pumps or diaphragms responsible for circulation in insects. 3. A coelopulse system was identified and described that suggested a very sophisticated coordination between circulation and respiration in insects. The circulatory systems of cockroach, locust, fly, moth and bee all involve unique specializations. 4. It is suggested that an autonomic nervous system is present in insects and is responsible for coordination and control of both circulation and respiration.