Molecular evolution in bacteria: surfaces, cathodes and anodes.

Molecular evolution is examined in bacteria with an emphasis on mineral surfaces, membranes, cathodes and anodes. In early molecular evolution, cathode-anode system may have been naturally occurring on a nm to micron scale. Secondly, the cathode-anode system could have been separated by a primitive, permeable lipid or microsphere on a mineral surface, that was a precursor of a more advanced membrane with a charge differential on either side of the membrane. These aspects will be considered from a theoretical evolutionary perspective.