The use and abuse of participatory action research.

This paper outlines the characteristics of PAR, participatory action research, so that interested investigators can determine if their project fits the criteria. The author introduces some key concepts in critical theory that drive the political analysis dimension of PAR and lay to rest concerns about validity and legitimacy. Types of PAR are reviewed according to the brand of knowledge focused on in the research, and some examples are given. An emerging critique of PAR is offered and some abuses of PAR are described. The major ethical principles of social justice that guide PAR are outlined. References to epistemology and specific methodological demonstration projects are included. Suggestions for future use in chronic disease research are offered.