OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that conventionally used procedures for semen cryopreservation may cause an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by sperm or by seminal leukocytes, which may contribute to poor sperm function following cryopreservation. METHODS: Eighteen semen specimens with normal parameters from healthy male donors 22 to 40 years of age were each divided into two portions. The first portion was combined 1:1 with Test Yolk Buffer-Glycerol Freezing Medium and was frozen by gradual cooling into liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The second portion was washed and the cells were resuspended in Sperm Washing Medium (SWM) and incubated at room temperature to serve as controls. After a period of treatment, frozen samples were thawed and semen cells were washed and resuspended in SWM. ROS generation by semen cells from each treatment group was measured on a luminometer. Sperm motility, sperm viability, and sperm membrane integrity were also measured in both control and freeze-thaw samples. To further assess ROS generation by semen cells during the cooling process, aliquots of washed semen cells and purified polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were incubated separately at different temperature conditions (37 degrees C, 22 degrees C, 4 degrees C, and -20 degrees C). ROS activity in each treatment group was measured and compared with each other. RESULTS: In both semen cells and PMNs, ROS activity increased significantly during the cooling process. The highest ROS levels were recorded in both groups when cooled to 4 degrees C. The ROS levels were extremely low in samples cooled to -20 degrees C and in freeze-thaw samples, probably due to marked loss of cell viability. CONCLUSIONS: Gradual reduction of temperature during the process of semen cryopreservation can cause a significant ROS generation by semen cells. ROS is particularly elevated during cooling if the semen sample is contaminated by more than 0.5 x 10(6) leukocytes. Removal of leukocytes from semen samples or treatment with antioxidants prior to cryopreservation may improve sperm viability and function.
OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that conventionally used procedures for semen cryopreservation may cause an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by sperm or by seminal leukocytes, which may contribute to poor sperm function following cryopreservation. METHODS: Eighteen semen specimens with normal parameters from healthy male donors 22 to 40 years of age were each divided into two portions. The first portion was combined 1:1 with Test Yolk Buffer-Glycerol Freezing Medium and was frozen by gradual cooling into liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The second portion was washed and the cells were resuspended in Sperm Washing Medium (SWM) and incubated at room temperature to serve as controls. After a period of treatment, frozen samples were thawed and semen cells were washed and resuspended in SWM. ROS generation by semen cells from each treatment group was measured on a luminometer. Sperm motility, sperm viability, and sperm membrane integrity were also measured in both control and freeze-thaw samples. To further assess ROS generation by semen cells during the cooling process, aliquots of washed semen cells and purified polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were incubated separately at different temperature conditions (37 degrees C, 22 degrees C, 4 degrees C, and -20 degrees C). ROS activity in each treatment group was measured and compared with each other. RESULTS: In both semen cells and PMNs, ROS activity increased significantly during the cooling process. The highest ROS levels were recorded in both groups when cooled to 4 degrees C. The ROS levels were extremely low in samples cooled to -20 degrees C and in freeze-thaw samples, probably due to marked loss of cell viability. CONCLUSIONS: Gradual reduction of temperature during the process of semen cryopreservation can cause a significant ROS generation by semen cells. ROS is particularly elevated during cooling if the semen sample is contaminated by more than 0.5 x 10(6) leukocytes. Removal of leukocytes from semen samples or treatment with antioxidants prior to cryopreservation may improve sperm viability and function.