Identification of a partially rate-determining step in the catalytic mechanism of cAMP-dependent protein kinase: a transient kinetic study using stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy.

The kinetics of nucleotide binding and phosphoryl group transfer were measured in the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase using stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy and an acrylodan-labeled derivative of this enzyme, which we have previously shown to have kinetic properties similar to those for the wild-type enzyme (Lew et al., 1996). The fluorescence emission spectrum of this enzyme is quenched differentially by ATP and ADP so that both the binding of ligands and phosphoryl group transfer at the active site can be monitored selectively. The association and dissociation rate constants for both nucleotides were measured using two methods: relaxation and competition binding. The ratio of the observed dissociation and association rate constants by both methods are consistent with Kd measurements (25 microM) determined by equilibrium fluorescence quenching. The dissociation rate constant for ADP (100 s(-1)) is approximately 2.5-fold larger than k(cat) (39 s(-1)). A full viscosity effect was measured for k(cat), suggesting that a diffusive step or steps limit maximum turnover. Pre-steady-state kinetic transients are biphasic and were fitted to observed rate constants of 500 s(-1) and 60 s(-1) at 500 microM Kemptide (LRRASLG). Metal substitution studies (Mg2+ vs Mn2+) indicate that this first phase represents the phosphoryl group transfer step. Phosphopeptide release is faster than this second phase since the substrate is in rapid exchange with the enzyme and phosphorylation reduces the affinity of the peptide. The inability to assign this second phase to the chemical event or to product release implies that it reflects a viscosity-sensitive, protein conformational change that occurs after phosphoryl group transfer and prior to product release. Two conformational steps were detected in the binding of both ATP and ADP by relaxation methods that may be related to this second pre-steady-state kinetic phase. We suggest that this additional step in the kinetic mechanism may also occur in the wild-type enzyme and represents a large structural change in the enzyme during normal catalytic cycling.