Self-assembled monolayers for biosensors.

The use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in various fields of research is rapidly growing. In particular, many biomedical fields apply SAMs as an interface-layer between a metal surface and a solution or vapour. This review summarises methods for the formation of SAMs upon the most commonly used materials and techniques used for monolayer characterisation. Emphasis will lie on uniform, mixed and functionalised monolayers applied for immobilisation of biological components including (oligo-)nucleotides, proteins, antibodies and receptors as well as polymers. The application of SAMs in today's research, together with some applications will be discussed.