The efficacy of disulfiram: a review of outcome studies.

Twenty-four studies of outcome following oral disulfiram and 14 following implanted disulfiram were identified for review from MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases and by manual searching for the period 1967-95. The methodological rigour of these studies was generally poor, albeit not as poor as that of earlier studies (not reviewed here). An overall assessment of the results of research in this field is hampered by the diversity of both the methods used and the subject populations studied. However, it is clear that support for the general use of oral disulfiram is equivocal, mostly being found in the form of reduced quantity of alcohol consumed and a reduced number of drinking days. Evidence for an effect in increasing the proportion of patients who achieve abstinence is surprisingly lacking. Where it is prescribed, disulfiram use should be supervised and it should be employed as one part of a comprehensive treatment programme. There is no good evidence in favour of implanting disulfiram tablets, but the possibility of a depot injection is intriguing.